http://hdl.handle.net/2374.OX/4073 2013-05-20T22:32:24Z http://hdl.handle.net/2374.OX/108603 “Not that there’s anything wrong with that…”: Perceptions of Masculine Men and Feminine Men as a Breadwinner or Caregiver Lanter, Jason Richard Role congruity theory (Eagly & Karau, 2002) posits that individuals are perceived more favorably when they exhibit gender congruent characteristics and roles, but most research has not investigated how participant characteristics affect these perceptions. This research project examined how characteristics of the perceiver (i.e., gender ideology) might influence perceptions of men who adhere to or violate traditional male interests and roles. Specifically, these two studies examined how men of varying perceived levels of masculinity and femininity were perceived in either the breadwinner or caregiver role. Participants read a scenario depicting a man choosing to either remain in the breadwinner role or become the primary caregiver following the birth of his child. The man’s perceived levels of masculinity and femininity were manipulated by describing his interest in either sports (e.g., masculine interest) or literature (e.g., feminine interest). Study 1 showed that men with a masculine interest were personally approved more than men with a feminine interest by only the male participants. Both the male and female participants perceived that society would approve of the breadwinner dad more than the caregiver dad, especially for the masculine target. In Study 2, the man with a masculine interest was personally approved more and perceived as receiving more approval from society than the man with a feminine interest. Non-traditional women increased their approval for a man with a feminine interest when he was the breadwinner. Interestingly, across both Studies 1 and 2, the female participants reported more romantic interest in a target male with a combination of masculine and feminine characteristics and roles. These findings provide evidence that men may continue to adhere to traditional masculine interests and roles as a means to receive approval from others and society. However, the romantic interest findings provide evidence that men may need to develop a combination of masculine and feminine qualities to receive romantic interest from women. 2009-04-10T10:36:43Z http://hdl.handle.net/2374.OX/108602 Phylogeny and Evolution of Mycorrhizal Associations in the Myco-heterotrophic Hexalectris Raf. (Orchidaceae : Epidendroideae) Kennedy, Aaron H. Some plant species have abandoned an autotrophic life style and obtain their carbon and mineral nutrition exclusively from mycorrhizal fungi. Although myco-heterotrophic species have evolved in many plant families, they are most common in the Orchidaceae. Several myco-heterotrophic orchid species have been shown to associate with a very narrow range of ectomycorrhizal forming fungi, revealing a high degree of mycorrhizal specificity. However, these studies have often investigated single or few, often unrelated, species without support for their monophyly or knowledge of their phylogenetic relationships. Using primarily molecular methods and phylogenetic analyses, this dissertation investigates i) the monophyly and circumscription of Hexalectris species, ii) interspecific phylogenetic relationships within Hexalectris, iii) the identities of the mycorrhizal fungi that associate with each Hexalectris species, iv) the breadth of mycorrhizal associations within Hexalectris and within each of its species, and v) uses a Hexalectris phylogeny as a framework for investigating mycorrhizal specificity and patterns of associations. The monophyly of H. warnockii, H. grandiflora, H. brevicaulis, and H. nitida, plus the H. spicata species complex, are well supported. The remaining species are not monophyletic, prompting the recircumscription of H. spicata s.l. as H. spicata and H. arizonica, H. revoluta s.l. as H. revoluta and H. colemanii, and H. fallax as a synonym of H. parviflora. Extreme specificity with ectomycorrhizal agaricomycete fungi was identified in each Hexalectris species. Hexalectris warnockii associates exclusively with members of the Thelephoraceae; H. brevicaulis and H. grandiflora associate exclusively with members of Russulaceae and Sebacinaceae subgroup A; the remaining species, all members of the H. spicata complex, associate strictly with members of Sebacinaceae subgroup A. Optimizing these associations onto a Hexalectris phylogeny reveals that, with one exception, each Hexalectris species associates with a different clade or group of fungal clades, and that shifts in association from one group of fungi to another occurred during each speciation event in the evolutionary history of this genus. 2009-04-10T10:36:30Z http://hdl.handle.net/2374.OX/108601 Spatial ability, dominance rank, and sexual selection among meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) Spritzer, Mark David Sexual selection occurs through female choice, scramble competition and contest competition for mates. I investigated the relative importance of these mechanisms in determining reproductive success of male meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus). Spatial ability and dominance rank were measured as traits believed to be selected by scramble and contest competition, respectively. Spatial ability and dominance rank of males were determined using water maze and neutral-arena trials, respectively. Males that varied in these traits were used for experiments conducted in outdoor enclosures. Home range size was determined using radio telemetry and trapping. Females were housed in nest boxes to determine the ability of males to locate females. I tested the hypothesis that males with better spatial ability achieve greater reproductive success. Paternity was determined by amplifying polymorphic loci using nine microsatellite primers. Males with better spatial ability had larger home ranges and visited more females, but did not achieve greater reproductive success. This latter result did not seem to be due to a trade-off between mate-searching and mate-guarding abilities. Dominant males had better spatial-learning ability, and had quicker learning speed, but did not have better spatial memory than less aggressive subordinates. Spatial-learning ability was poorest and spatial-learning speed was slowest for males collected during a peak in population density, suggesting that a mate-searching phenotype may be density dependent. I also tested the relative importance of spatial ability and dominance rank in determining female mating preferences and frequency of visitation to females’ nests. Dominance rank was not correlated with nest visitation or home range size. Males better at simple spatial learning visited more females, while males better at a spatial-transfer task ranged widely and visited fewer females. Males with better spatial memory had smaller ranges and revisited the same females. In a laboratory experiment, females preferred males with good spatial ability and low dominance rank over males with poor spatial ability and high dominance rank. Females showed no preference between males with good spatial ability and high dominance rank and males with poor spatial ability and low dominance rank. Both female choice and scramble competition seem to favor males with better spatial ability. 2009-04-10T10:36:17Z http://hdl.handle.net/2374.OX/108600 La Honte dans la Litterature de Temoignage Durrenbach, Joelle Marcelle This thesis is an attempt to understand the various facets of the commonly misconceived emotion that is shame. The objective of the first part of this paper is to distinguish between shame and guilt, to differentiate between the two concepts and to analyze the idea of shame as far back as its judeo-christian roots. This thesis will also deal with the relation between shame and language as well as the latter's inability to fully express a complex emotion that is simultaneously enmeshed in many facets of life and whose defining characteristics are secrets and silence. The second part of this paper will discuss the emotion of shame in literature, namely in testimonial literature, focusing on the memoirs of Holocaust survivors. The final part of this thesis will focus on the shame felt by the Malgre-Nous, French men from Alsace forced to join the German army during World War Two. 2009-04-10T10:36:04Z